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The Central Problem that Plagues Restoration Comedy

Richard Kroll, UCI

After Montaigne pointed out in the late sixteenth century that we don't necessarily know as much as we think we do and that the best approach to knowledge was Sextus Empiricus' idea of suspending judgment, Europeans were left to consider how we can have and use any knowledge at all.

One answer, preferred by Englishmen, that most practical of people, was to say that we can know things for all practical purposes by using the processes of inference; and thus, we get the rise of early modern empiricism. Admitting, for example, that we can't know what's going on in another person's mind doesn't mean that we can't try to figure it out: there are some probable, though not certain, clues, in what he or she does or in how he or she fails to control body language.

The first section of the chart shows that Sextus Empiricus proposed two kinds of signs: the "indicative" and the "commemorative"; the second and third parts illustrate the Restoration argument that some kinds of signs were better at referring to what they claimed to refer to than others. Thus:

Seen/known/measurable

Unseen/unknown/unmeasurable 

smoke

fire (commemorative)  

scar

wound (indicative)

 

 

Observed, but not necessarily indicative

Unknown/unobserved

clothes; face; cosmetics (note the emergence of actresses and the kinds of fashion)

the inner personality (especially as physiognomy applied to women; 

words (note Hobbes, Locke)

thought; ideas ("the affections of the mind"

 

 

Observed, but probably indicative

Unknown/unobserved

movements of large, visible bodies (e.g. in physics)

atoms ("sub-microscopic particles")

instinctive movements of the face; gestures

intentions; feelings; reactions

hieroglyphs; picture-writing

mental representations of perceived

pictures; emblems