{"id":166,"date":"2024-04-13T17:55:45","date_gmt":"2024-04-14T00:55:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/?page_id=166"},"modified":"2025-10-02T09:05:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T16:05:18","slug":"english-monarchy-timeline","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/english-monarchy-timeline\/","title":{"rendered":"English Monarchy Timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Shakespeare&#8217;s Plays, Historical Background <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-btn__default-btn uagb-btn-tablet__default-btn uagb-btn-mobile__default-btn uagb-block-4f6cdd05 uag-hide-mob\"><div class=\"uagb-buttons__wrap uagb-buttons-layout-wrap \">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-dcba7b2a wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">HOME<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-9ae5aeea wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/my-olli-courses-at-unlv\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">OLLI<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-2368e1c6 wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/shakespeare-questions\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">QUESTIONS<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-040dd0bb wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/shakespeare-commentaries\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">COMMENTARIES<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-57f86fdb wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/shakespeare-audio\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">AUDIO<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-1b812369 wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/shakespeare-guides\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">GUIDES<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-d5da63d7 wp-block-button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__wrapper\"><a class=\"uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link\" aria-label=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdrake.com\/shakespeare\/shakespeare-links\/\" rel=\"follow noopener\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\"><div class=\"uagb-button__link\">LINKS<\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>English Monarchy&nbsp;Timeline: William the Conqueror to the Present<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Normandy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>William the Conqueror, who invaded England based on the claim that his second cousin King Edward the Confessor had left the English throne to him, was the son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy and Arlette, daughter of Fulbert. William defeated the forces of King Harold II at Hastings in October 1066.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>William I (1066-87; Queen Matilda, d. of Count of Flanders;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William II Rufus (1087-1100; Unmarried;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=william2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Henry I (1100-35; Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland; Adelicia;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=henry1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Blois<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stephen, the son of the Count of Blois, France and of William I\u2019s daughter Adela, usurped the English throne from Matilda, daughter of Henry I. She invaded England in 1139 and civil war ensued. Stephen\u2019s forces defeated hers by 1145, but in 1153, by the terms of the Treaty of Westminster after further civil war, he was constrained to acknowledge Matilda\u2019s son Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as his heir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stephen (1135-54; Matilda, d. of Eustace III, Ct. of Boulogne;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=stephen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Plantagenet\u2019s \u201cAngevin\u201d line<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Plantagenet line is so named in modern times due to the following lineage: Geoffrey Plantagenet, Fifth Count of Anjou, France married Matilda, daughter of English King Henry I (one of William the Conqueror\u2019s sons). Empress Matilda\u2019s son by Geoffrey became the English King Henry II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Henry II (1154-89; Eleanor of Aquitaine;<em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=henry2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Richard I (1189-99; Berengaria of Navarre;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=richard1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>John (1199-1216; Isabel of Gloucester; Isabella of Angoul\u00eame;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=john\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Plantagenet\u2019s&nbsp;main line, after the loss of Anjou)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Henry III (1216-72; Eleanor of Provence;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/normans.asp?id=henry2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward I (1272-1307; Eleanor of Castile; Margaret of France;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward II (1307-27; Isabella of France, deposed him with Roger Mortimer\u2019s aid;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward III (1327-77; Philippa of Hainault;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Richard II (1377-99; Anne of Bohemia; Isabella of Valois;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=richard2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plantagenet branch called&nbsp;Lancaster<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The line was descended from John of Gaunt, Edward III\u2019s third son; Gaunt married Blanche of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster. Their son became Henry IV (born in Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, thus \u201cBolingbroke\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Henry IV (Bolingbroke, 1399-1413; Mary de Bohun; Joan of Navarre;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=henry4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Henry V (victor over French at Agincourt in 1415; ruled 1413-22; Catherine de Valois;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=henry5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Henry VI\u2019s two reigns (1422-61, 1470-71, murdered; Margaret of Anjou;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=henry6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plantagenet branch called&nbsp;York<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The line was descended paternally from Edmund of Langley, First Duke of York, who was the fourth son of Edward III. But it was the maternal descent that mattered most: Richard Plantagenet, Third Duke of York, had a very strong claim to the throne via his mother, Anne Mortimer, whose father was Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence (Edward III\u2019s&nbsp;<em>second&nbsp;<\/em>surviving son). Richard Plantagenet was killed during the Wars of the Roses, in December 1460. His eldest son went on to take power as Edward IV, followed by the youngest son, who became Richard III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Edward IV (1461-70 [Henry VI captive], 1471-83 after Henry VI\u2019s murder; the widow Dame Elizabeth Grey, n\u00e9e Elizabeth Woodville;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward V (briefly in 1483, probably killed as one of the \u201cprinces in the Tower\u201d;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Richard III (1483-85, killed at Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor\u2019s forces; Anne Neville, widow of Edward Prince of Wales and daughter of the Earl of Warwick;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=richard3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>).&nbsp;Bosworth largely ended the struggle between Yorkists and Lancastrians from 1455-87: the Wars of the Roses. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.am\/html-editors\/online-html-editor.cfm#_edn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The&nbsp;Tudor&nbsp;dynasty begun by Henry Tudor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Henry Tudor\u2019s grandfather was the Welshman Owen Tudor (who fought for Henry V at Agincourt in 1415 and lived until 1461, when he was executed by Yorkists led by the future King Edward IV). Henry\u2019s father was Edmund Tudor, First Earl of Richmond. (Edmund\u2019s mother was King Henry V\u2019s widow Catherine de Valois, who married Owen Tudor.) Henry Tudor\u2019s mother was Lady Margaret Beaufort, and it is from her that he claimed his right to the throne since she was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt by his third wife Katherine Swynford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Henry VII (i.e. Henry Tudor; 1485-1509; Elizabeth of York, Edward IV\u2019s daughter;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=henry7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Henry VIII (1509-47), Catherine of Aragon through 1533; Anne Boleyn; Jane Seymour; Anne of Cleves; Catherine Howard; Catherine Parr;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=henry8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward VI (1547-53, never married;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mary I (1553-58, co-ruler Philip of Spain;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=mary1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elizabeth I (1558-1603; never married;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=elizabeth1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Stuarts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Stuarts\u2019 claim to the English throne was initiated when in 1503, Scottish King James IV married English King Henry VII\u2019s daughter Margaret Tudor, and they had a son who became Scottish King James V. His daughter Mary became Queen of Scots; Mary\u2019s son by Lord Darnley (Henry Stuart) became English King James I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>James I, (1603-25; Anne, daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=james1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charles I (1625-49; Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henri IV of France;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=charles1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>), beheaded by Oliver Cromwell\u2019s Puritan forces during the English Civil War (1642-51).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Puritan Interregnum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Council of State for the English Commonwealth (1649-53;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/display\/10.1093\/acref\/9780191737787.timeline.0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ECW Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oliver Cromwell (1653-58, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Richard Cromwell (1658-59, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Stuart Restoration of 1660<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Charles II (1660-85, the Restoration; Catherine of Braganza;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=charles2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>James II (1685-88; deposed by William of Orange;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=james2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William III and Mary II (1688-1702, the \u201cGlorious Revolution\u201d of 1688;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=william3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anne (1702-14; George, son of Frederick III of Denmark;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=anne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Hanoverians<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1714, Queen Anne (daughter of King James II) died childless, and her Protestant second cousin, George of Hanover, became King George I. (George was also the great-grandson of England\u2019s King James I through his mother Sophia of Hanover, wife of the Elector of Hanover, Ernest Augustus. James I\u2019s daughter Elizabeth Stuart had married Frederick V, King of Bohemia and Elector Palatine, and their daughter was George\u2019s mother the Electress Sophia, herself heir to the British throne thanks to the 1701 Act of Settlement barring Catholics from the succession. Sophia pre-deceased Queen Anne, so that is how her son George became King George I.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>George I (1714-1727; Sophia Dorothea of Celle (whom he divorced in 1694);&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George II (1727-60; Caroline, daughter of Margrave of Brandenburg;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George III (1760-1820; Charlotte, daughter of Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The future George IV was Prince Regent from 1811-20 due to George III&#8217;s illness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George IV (1820-30; Caroline, daughter of Duke of Brunswick;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William IV (1830-37; Adelaide, daughter of Duke of Saxe-Meinigen;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=william4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Victoria (1837-1901; Albert, son of Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=victoria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.am\/html-editors\/online-html-editor.cfm#_edn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This brief dynastic name stems from Queen Victoria\u2019s husband Albert, son of the Duke of Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, a duchy in existence from 1826-1918 in today\u2019s Thuringia and Bavaria, Germany. Early in the twentieth century, sovereigns from the line associated with the place name ruled in Belgium, Portugal, and Bulgaria as well as the United Kingdom and Saxe-Coburg Gotha itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Edward VII (1901-10; Alexandra, daughter of Christian of Denmark;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>House of Windsor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The change from Saxe-Coburg Gotha to \u201cWindsor\u201d was made by George V in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment during the First World War. Technically, Elizabeth II\u2019s descendants bear the surname \u201cMountbatten-Windsor.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>George V (1910-36; Mary, daughter of Duke of Teck;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edward VIII (1936; Ms. Wallis Simpson;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=edward8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George VI (1936-52; Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=george6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elizabeth II (1952-2022; Philip Mountbatten;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=elizabeth2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charles III (2022-present; Diana Spencer, then Camilla Parker Bowles;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britroyals.com\/kings.asp?id=charles3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timeline<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Document Timestamp: 10\/2\/2025 9:04 AM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.am\/html-editors\/online-html-editor.cfm#_ednref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;The Yorkist emblem was a white rose and Lancastrian a red rose. See \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.warsoftheroses.com\/the-houses-of-york-and-lancaster\/white-and-red-roses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">White and Red Roses<\/a>\u201c on warsoftheroses.com. Accessed 2\/23\/2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.am\/html-editors\/online-html-editor.cfm#_ednref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Elizabeth II (1952-2022) has the distinction of being the longest-reigning British monarch, followed by Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and King George III (1760-1820).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shakespeare&#8217;s Plays, Historical Background English Monarchy&nbsp;Timeline: William the Conqueror to the Present House of Normandy William the Conqueror, who invaded [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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